فصلنامه زیبایی شناسی ادبی
سال سیزدهم شماره 51 (بهار 1401)

Hakim Sanai Ghaznavi is one of the famous speakers of Iraqi style and mystical poetry who has left works of poetry and prose in his memory. done. The power of imagery is always a hallmark of a poet. Therefore, the present article is devoted to the study of poetic images (similes and metaphors) in Sanai poetry. In this article, poetry and imagination (image) are mentioned. The similes and metaphors of Hakim Sanaei's poems have been studied in terms of frequency, subject (pictorial elements), compactness and breadth, as well as in terms of the poet's purpose in bringing these images. Hakim Sanai Ghaznavi is one of the famous speakers of Iraqi style and mystical poetry who has left works of poetry and prose in his memory. done. The power of imagery is always a hallmark of a poet. Therefore, the present article is devoted to the study of poetic images (similes and metaphors) in Sanai poetry. In this article, poetry and imagination (image) are mentioned. The similes and metaphors of Hakim Sanaei's poems have been studied in terms of frequency, subject (pictorial elements), compactness and breadth, as well as in terms of the poet's purpose in bringing these images.

One of the best indicators of intelligent behavior in human is the ability to utilize symbols (Gardner, 1999:24). Symbol is interrelated with the human’s conscious and subconscious mind and creates the language of myth and epic. The language of mythical and epic works is symbolic and mysterious. The major religions of our world have created ritual symbols to be able to set forth arguments in existential themes with their members. This study primarily sought to find out answers for the role of symbols in recreation of existential intelligence in body of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. Using an analytical-descriptive method and benefiting from library resources, this study made attempts to identify and extract ritual symbols in the Shahnameh; Finally, it was observed that existential intelligence is well represented in the light of symbols such as barsam and baj, hunting, marriage, burial, and celebration and wine by the Great Sage of Tus (Ferdowsi). No study has investigated the interrelationship among the symbols and the range of human’s intelligences rather the symbols used in Shahnameh have been studied most frequently. Therefore, this study is the pioneer in examining this untouched aspect.

The magic of proximity as one of the components of formalism plays a prominent role in the artistic expression of speech. In fact, this topic deals with the balance between phonemes and words. And from this perspective, we can mention many rhetorical elements such as repetition, phonology, types of puns, prostration, arrangement and balance, and other industries. Phonetic accompaniment creates music from this perspective, enchants the audience and induces meaning. In this way, it adds to the audience In such a way that sometimes words that are not related to each other in terms of meaning and their similarity is only in terms of phonetics are accepted. 's pleasure. And the mind seeks to discover meaning for them, and the poet or writer-artist will be more successful in inducing his desired goals and meanings by using this technique.In this article, using descriptive method and providing examples, we examined the magical effects of proximity in Saadi's lyric poems.It can be said that the magical effects of proximity in Saadi's sonnets, according to the division of kourosh safavi from the types of balance, can be mentioned more in the subset of phonetic balance, and through this, Saadi has increased the influence of his words.

The seldom formal study of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh reveals new dimensions about the mechanism of formation of this great work. Formalists were not the discoverers of literary devices and crafts, but showed their original, pivotal and constructive influences in great works. Shahnameh is a good arena for tracing these industries and is basically relying on formalistic arrangements that make it unmatched by its competitors in the epic genre. In the first part or the myths of Shahnameh, the use of many formalist industries can be seen as in other parts, but due to the importance of the origin, narrative and basis of this part, some formalist arrangements have been used by Ferdowsi in constructing its narrative. Have been. The present article has analyzed and identified five formalistic indicators used in the narration of this part of Shahnameh by descriptive-analytical method. The result indicates that the emphatic use of the capacity of symbols, the use of current constraints to create single propositions with high literature, the use of de-familiarization and accentuation in proportion to the strangeness of the mythical space, the high frequency of metaphor and The irony and finally the characterization of the narrative, which indicates the independence of relations in the mythical atmosphere, are among the most important factors that consolidate the narrative of the first part of the Shahnameh and create the necessary charm to make the audience loyal to follow the story.

Allegory is one of the most prominent rhetorical styles in Persian literature of Iran and it can be said that allegory is also considered a method of storytelling and narration that includes a non-fiction theme with a cover of narrative elements and gives it a narrative form. Abdolsamad's paintings, which in the beginning were directly used and taken from the traditions of Iranian painting and the Tabriz school, have gradually tended towards a kind of realism, and his recent works indicate a powerful realistic approach. The purpose of this study is to analyze the allegorical drawings of Abdolsamad in Shahnameh. The method of this descriptive-analytical research and a number of drawings in the style of Iran and India have been studied. The results showed that despite the presence of artists such as Abdolsamad, the Gurkhani school was invented and reached maturity and prosperity. The use of allegory has played a role and has taken into account the specific rules and traditions of painting.

Formalism is a school in literary criticism that in textuality pays more attention to language and formal elements, and in this approach of textuality, Extra-textual elements such as the author's biography, ideology, ethics, and so on do not have a interfere in text. Formalists believe that the literature is a genre of language that formed by different types of Defamilirizations and Deviations. Types of deviations that formed the lingustic language is archaism, lexical Deviation, semantic Deviation and etc. In the present study, Spanloo's poetic language has been studied and analyzed from this perspective and the commonly used types of anomaly in his poetry such as semantic anomaly, linguistic archaism, syntactic anomaly, lexical anomaly and style are among the most used types of Deviation in his poetry. The results of the research show that in Deviation of sepanloo poems, the types of Deviations as a semantic devition, archaism, lexical deviation, Syntactic Deviation and oyhere types of deviation used. The results of this research show that in semantic deviation, simile is the most widely used and in the next stage, he has used metaphor and especially subordinate metaphor. The tendency towards archaism has had more of a musical function, and lexical deviation has often been used by the poet for creation of new concepts. Stylistic deviation has also been used in another way to de-familiarization and diversify of the expression and tone of speech.

Masnavi "Tools of War" composed by Mirza Mohammad Taher Qazvini is one of the most valuable and poetic works of the 11th and early 12th centuries AH. This work has 800 bits and is composed in the form of Masnavi. In Masnavi, Mirza Mohammad Taher has made the most of his linguistic capacities in describing the tools of war, and has used special structures of speech to induce semantic refinement and rhetorical purposes. Secondary meanings of verses and sentences are one of the most important tools for influencing speech in the audience. In this research, the author intends to study the rhetorical approach of Musnad in this Masnavi in a descriptive-analytical way and library tools while briefly introducing the poet and introducing his valuable work, and to answer the question that the most and the least rhetorical approach (secondary purposes) What is the position in Masnavi "descriptions of war"? The purpose of this study is to express the rhetorical values in Masnavi describing the tools of war based on various topics of semantics, especially the rhetorical approach of Musnad. The results of the research indicate that the poet in his Masnavi has used all the tricks and linguistic capabilities in the structure of semantics well and has adorned his speech in this way and the optimal use of semantics has caused the permanence and effectiveness of the word and its charm.

The school of postmodernism became popular in Iran in the 1970s through the translation of Western works and the travel of poets and writers to Western countries. Unlike modernism, this school tended to go back in time and borrow from myths and antiquity. The works of this school have important differences with other literary schools and are often ambiguous and complex. Reza Braheni and Seyed Mehdi Mousavi are two poets of this type of poetry, whose poems have been studied aesthetically in this study. Braheni himself is one of the theorists of postmodernist poetry and in his poems the components of postmodernism can be seen more. . The postmodern components in the poems of these two poets include such things as: white writing, semantic avoidance, frequent repetitions, lexical and grammatical aberration, familiarization, but the way these elements are used is different. Braheni's poems are in the form of Nimai and have postmodern elements in terms of image and writing; But Mousavi has written more in the form of classical poetry with the same stanzas of poetry.

Saeb tabrizi as a representative of a style that is known for it’s novelty,new style and innovation, is one of the most prominent lyrics poets in Iran,which is located between two main currents of the Indian style: from the end of the tenth century Persian poetry to an enigmatic difficulty.It turns out of the most poetic themes are the result of linguistic manipulation and aberrations that are achieved through trying to discover new relationship.Hint, like other literary industries, can play a prominent role in arousing emotions and the inductive and imaginative power of speech, provided that it enjoys strong artistic themes. In the Indian style, the use of allusion has a high frequency compared to other literary techniques due to its special style. In the meanwhile, the longing for themes and the hunting of narrow and astonishing themes cause Saeb to use allusions and gestures far more than others. Saeb often uses allusion as a tool to create his themes, regardless of any depth and high human ideas and thoughts, for various subjects, especially the ontological system.

In recent decades, following socio-political changes and changes in society's attitudes towards women's issues and whispers of their freedom, novelists have paid special attention to the issue of women and the society's attitude towards women's responsibilities and rights is shown in their works. . It is necessary to study the image of women in literature and society; Therefore, in this study, two novels of the wandering island of Simin Daneshvar and Ahoo Khanum's husband by Ali Mohammad Afghani were examined. The purpose of criticizing these two works is to examine the confrontation between women and their discrimination and social violence. The issues discussed in this article are: manifestations of patriarchy, violence against women, society's attitude towards women, belief in male superiority, female weakness, feminism, and so on. Sociological books have been cited in these studies. At the end, the issues discussed in the stories are compared with each other and it is determined which of the elements is more colorful and which is less prominent in each story. The results showed that in both novels, society's negative view of women and the unequal situation between women and men is the main cause of violence and discrimination against women.